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Parma (170.000 abitanti), città già importante nell'età medievale
e nella storia dell'arte romanica, è stata capitale, per oltre
300 anni, dal 1550 al 1859, di un piccolo ducato, diventato
nei secoli un punto di riferimento, in Italia e in Europa,
come raffinato centro di arte, di economia e di cultura. Il
Duomo e il Battistero si collocano tra i più importanti monumenti
del XII e del XIII secolo e insieme formano la piazza romanica
più bella d'Italia; il Teatro Farnese era nel '600 il più
grande teatro coperto d'Europa; il neoclassico Teatro Regio
si colloca tra i teatri lirici di maggior tradizione nel mondo;
le chiese di San Giovanni con gli annessi chioschi e della
Steccata con la monumentale sagrestia, i castelli di Torrechiara
e Montechiarugolo, di Fontanellato e Soragna, di Bardi e San
Secondo, i palazzi ducali di Parma, di Colorno e di Sala Baganza,
la Galleria Nazionale ed i musei storici, l'Antica Farmacia
e le Camere di San Paolo; la Biblioteca Palatina e il Museo
Bodoniano fino alla Fondazione Magnani Rocca ed al Museo del
Profumo sono bellissimi segni del "Rinascimento" parmense.
Il Parmigiano ed il Prosciutto di Parma sono i prodotti tipici
più famosi nel mondo e, insieme al Culatello di Zibello, al
Salame di Felino, ai Funghi della Valtaro, ai Vini dei Colli
di Parma, al Tartufo Nero di Fragno, garantiscono una cucina
di qualità e tradizione. |
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important schools of different periods. In fact, those
who wish to seek the most abundant examples of works
by Benedetto Antelami, the greatest sculptor-architect
of the Middle Ages, or the most important centre of
Correggio's charming work, or even some particularly
significant examples of Parmigianino's imaginative painting,
know that only Parma can offer such documentary evidence.
Also linked to Parma is the name of the Saluzzo artist
Giambattista Bodoni, "Prince of Typographers". And finally,
Parma's role in Italian musical history is significant,
not only because it is the birthplace of the genious
Verdi, of Ferdinando Paer, Ildebrando Pizzetti and Toscanini,
but also because of its illustrious Conservatoire, the
famous Regio Theatre, and above all because of the importance
of music in its inhabitants' popular and cultural traditions.
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A city of aritocratic cultural tradition, rich in precious
works of art and memories of its past as a capital city, celebrated
for its greatest sons and the artists who worked there - from
Antelami to Salimbene, from Correggio to Parmigianino, from
Boldoni to Giuseppe Verdi and Arturo Toscanini - the poets,
writers and directors inspired by it, especially Stendhal,
who recreated the city in his story about the "Chartreuse",
Parma is unique amongst Italian cities of art of average size.
It is a city of exquisite, unmistakeable characteristics which
stands out amongst the rest because of its evident involvement
with every major artistic period and cultural institution,
such as the Farnese and Boubon Dynasties (in the 18th Century
it was defined "Italy's Athens") and the illustrious rule
of Maria Luigia of Austria, which rendered the city famous
all throughout Europe. Parma is renowned for its refined social
life, the fervour of its many cultural interests, and the
dynamic entrepreneurial spirit which is embodied in its industries
and trade fair zones, as well as the natural warmth of its
inhabitants and the great culinary tradition which stems from
the local production of wonderful food-stuffs. Founded as
a Roman colony along the Via Emilia in 183 B.C. by the Consul
Emilio Lepido, Parma had the title Julia and Augusta added
to it during the Imperial époque. In the Middle Ages, it was
already a flourishing town and, after having seen the rule
of the Visconti, the Sforza, the French and the Papacy from
the 14th to the 16th Centuries, in 1545 a Duchy was established
by Pope Paul III, who installed his son Pier Luigi Farnese
as its ruler. It was a dynasty which was to rule for almost
two centuries, unforgettable for its splendour and greatness.
During the first half of the 18th Century, the Duchy was inherited
by the Bourbons, who brought a decidedly French favour to
the Court and to the city life in general; the years between
1802 and 1814 saw the Napoleonic rule, but following Bonaparte's
fall, the Vienna Congress assigned the Duchy of Parma to his
wife, Maria Luigia of Austria, daughter of Emperor Francis
I. With Maria Luigia's death, in 1847, the Duchy returned
to the Bourbons. When in 1854 Duke Charles III was assassinated,
his wife Luisa Maria of Berry assumed the regency on behalf
of her young son Roberto, until in 1859 a popular uprising
obliged her to leave the Duchy although in a dignified manner.
On march 18th, 1860, with a solemn plebiscite, Parma was joined
to the kingdom of Italy. City of art famous for its artistic
and cultural itineraries, it also attracts visitors, interest
because of the extensive record it offers about important
schools of different periods. In fact, those who wish to seek
the most abundant examples of works by Benedetto Antelami,
the greatest sculptor-architect of |
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the Middle Ages, or the most important centre of
Correggio's charming work, or even some particularly
significant examples of Parmigianino's imaginative painting,
know that only Parma can offer such documentary evidence.
Also linked to Parma is the name of the Saluzzo artist
Giambattista Bodoni, "Prince of Typographers". And finally,
Parma's role in Italian musical history is significant,
not only because it is the birthplace of the genious
Verdi, of Ferdinando Paer, Ildebrando Pizzetti and Toscanini,
but also because of its illustrious Conservatoire, the
famous Regio Theatre, and above all because of the importance
of music in its inhabitants' popular and cultural traditions.
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Cattedrale - Assunzione della
Vergine - Correggio
Cathedral - Assumption of the Virgin - Correggio |
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